Eric Arthur Blair (George Orwell) was born in 1903 in India, where his father worked for the Civil Service. The family moved to England in 1907 and in 1917 Orwell entered Eton, where he contributed regularly to the various college magazines. From 1922 to 1927 he served with the Indian Imperial Police in Burma, an experience that inspired his first novel, Burmese Days (1934). Several years of poverty followed. He lived in Paris for two years before returning to England, where he worked successively as a private tutor, schoolteacher and bookshop assistant, and contributed reviews and articles to a number of periodicals. Down and Out in Paris and London was published in 1933. In 1936 he was commissioned by Victor Gollancz to visit areas of mass unemployment in Lancashire and Yorkshire, and The Road to Wigan Pier (1937) is a powerful description of the poverty he saw there. At the end of 1936 Orwell went to Spain to fight for the Republicans and was wounded. Homage to Catalonia is his account of the civil war. He was admitted to a sanatorium in 1938 and from then on was never fully fit. He spent six months in Morocco and there wrote Coming Up for Air. During the Second World War he served in the Home Guard and worked for the BBC Eastern Service from 1941 to 1943. As literary editor of Tribune he contributed a regular page of political and literary commentary, and he also wrote for the Observer and later the Manchester Evening News. His unique political allegory. Animal Farm, was published in 1945, and it was this novel, together with Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), which brought him world-wide fame.

George Orwell died in London in January 1950. A few days before, Desmond MacCarthy had sent him a message of greeting in which he wrote: ‘You have made an indelible mark on English literature. . . you are among the few memorable writers of your generation.’

Professor Peter Davison was formerly Fellow of the Shakespeare Institute and Professor of English at St David's University College and the University of Kent, and is Senior Research Fellow in English and Media at De Montfort University. He is the author of seven books and of numerous academic articles and reviews. He has published editions of half a dozen plays by Shakespeare and his contemporaries, the Facsimile Edition of the manuscript of Nineteen Eighty-Four, as well as three collections. He is the editor of a twenty-volume edition of the Complete Works of George Orwell. From 1971 to 1982 he was editor of the journal of the Bibliographical Society and from 1992 to 1994 was the Society's President.

Malcolm Bradbury is a novelist, critic, television dramatist and Emeritus Professor of American Studies at the University of East Anglia. He is the author of six novels, all published by Penguin, including The History Man (1975), winner of the Royal Society of Literature Heineimnn Prize, and Rates of Exchange (1983), which was shortlisted for the Booker Prize. He is also author of Who Do You Think You Are? (Penguin, 1993), a collection of seven stories and nine parodies, and several works of humour and satire, including Unsent Letters (revised edition; Penguin, 1995). Among his recent critical works arc The Modem British Novel (Penguin, 1994) and Dangerous Pilgrimages (Penguin, 1996). He has also edited The Penguin Book of Modem Short Stories (1988), Modernism (with James McFarlanc; Penguin, 1991) and The Atlas of Literature (1997). He has written several television ‘novels’, including The Gravy Train and The Gravy Train Goes East, and has adapted various television series, including Stella Gibbons's Cold Comfort Farm, now a feature film.

He lives in Norwich, travels a good deal, and in 1991 was awarded the CBE.